Carbon Reduction Subsidy, Remanufacturing Subsidy or Consumer Recycling Subsidy? A Low-Carbon Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Operation Decision

To promote carbon emission reduction and resource reuse, this study is devoted to studying the impact of government subsidy policies on operation decision a low-carbon closed-loop supply chain system. In production stage, governments can use subsidies remanufacturing reduce green behavior costs manufacturers; in recycling consumer increase willingness consumers. study, we introduce these three into target function subsidized members. Using Nash non-cooperative game variational inequality, developed network equilibrium model examine system decision. The results show that, under policies, raising level help improve rate, emissions profits retailers; however, manufacturers’ incomes only when below certain threshold. Notably, coexistence policy has more significant Finally, numerical higher than six, although leads decrease manufacturers, best contribution environmental benefits Our serve as guidelines for designing optimal programs achieve ultimate goal establishing an environmentally friendly